Socialist Modernism in Ljubljana (and other modernisms)

'Petrol' station, Architect Milan Mihelič 1967–1968 
Tivolska cesta 46, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Socialist Modernism
Photo by John Rogers April 2024
‘Petrol’ station, Architect Milan Mihelič 1967–1968 Tivolska cesta 46, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia

I was hoping to find some examples of Socialist Modernism on my recent trip to Ljubljana, capital of Slovenia, and spotted this glorious concrete structure, initially from the bus to Lake Bled. Upon return to Ljubljana we doubled back to pay homage to this example of peak ‘Soc Mod’. ‘Petrol’ by noted architect Milan Mihelič was built between 1967–1968 and is located on a main road, Tivolska cesta, that skirts the north of Ljubljana city centre. It was the first of a sequence of modernist petrol stations around the city.

'Petrol' station, Architect Milan Mihelič 1967–1968 
Tivolska cesta 46, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Photo by John Rogers April 2024

The central pillar blossoms out into this giant radial petal with eyes looking down on the forecourt. From underneath it’s quite overwhelming. Viewed from the corner its form seems less organic and more like an alien space craft stranded on the roadside waiting to return to its home planet. It’s one of the most majestic structures I’ve ever seen.


'Petrol' station, Architect Milan Mihelič 1967–1968 
Tivolska cesta 46, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Socialist Modernism
Photo by John Rogers April 2024

'Petrol' station, Architect Milan Mihelič 1967–1968 
Tivolska cesta 46, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Socialist Modernism
Photo by John Rogers April 2024

'Petrol' station, Architect Milan Mihelič 1967–1968 
Tivolska cesta 46, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Socialist Modernism
Photo by John Rogers April 2024

'Petrol' station, Architect Milan Mihelič 1967–1968 
Tivolska cesta 46, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Socialist Modernism
Photo by John Rogers April 2024

'Petrol' station, Architect Milan Mihelič 1967–1968 
Tivolska cesta 46, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Socialist Modernism
Photo by John Rogers April 2024

'Petrol' station, Architect Milan Mihelič 1967–1968 
Tivolska cesta 46, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Socialist Modernism
Photo by John Rogers April 2024

'Petrol' station, Architect Milan Mihelič 1967–1968 
Tivolska cesta 46, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Socialist Modernism
Photo by John Rogers April 2024

The architect Milan Mihelič (1925 – 2021) was a notable architect of post-war Slovenia, when it was part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. He was president of the Union of Architects of Slovenia in 1963 and 1967, and designed a number of important buildings across the country.

S2 Office Tower, Bavarski dvor Ljubljana 
Architect Milan Mihelič
Photo by John Rogers April 2024
S2 Office Tower, Bavarski dvor Ljubljana

On the way to find the magical Petrol station we passed this striking tower block and residential complex nearby. It turns out to also have been designed by Milan Mihelič. The S2 Office Tower, Ljubljana was designed in 1963 and from what I can find online construction spanned from 1968 – 1980. I’m not sure if Mihelič also designed the blocks of what appear to be apartments behind the tower.

Ferant Garden (1964-1975)
Architect Edvard Ravnikar
Slovenska cesta 9, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Photo by John Rogers April 2024
Ferant Garden (1964-1975), Architect: Edvard Ravnikar – Slovenska cesta 9, 1000 Ljubljana

The next notable example of socialist modernism in Ljubljana we again stumbled upon quite by accident after taking a boat tour along the Ljubljanica River. A ‘business and residential complex’ Ferant Garden was designed by Slovenia’s most prominent post-war modernist architect Edvard Ravnikar, who had taught Milan Mihelič in his studio in the late 1940’s/ early 1950’s. Ravnikar in turn had been a student of the great Slovene architect Jože Plečnik who is credited with introducing modern architecture to Slovenia in the pre-war period, designing some of its most famous buildings such as the Triple Bridge and the Central Market. Ferant Garden has been seen by some as both a bold statement of (socialist) modernism and a critique of the failures of modern urban planning. Intriguingly it’s built on the site of Jože Plečnik’s place of birth.

Ferant Garden (1964-1975)
Architect Edvard Ravnikar
Slovenska cesta 9, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Photo by John Rogers April 2024
Ferant Garden (1964-1975), Architect Edvard Ravnikar
Ferant Garden (1964-1975)
Architect Edvard Ravnikar
Slovenska cesta 9, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Photo by John Rogers April 2024
Ferant Garden (1964-1975), Architect Edvard Ravnikar
Ljubljana Central Market, Architect Jože Plečnik 1931 - 1939
Photo by John Rogers April 2024
Ljubljana Central Market, Architect Jože Plečnik 1931 – 1939
Republic Square, architect  Edvard Ravnikar 1960 - 1983
Photo by John Rogers April 2024
Republic Square, architect Edvard Ravnikar 1960 – 1983

We allowed ourselves to drift, spotting a number of interesting apartment buildings that to my eye had modernist tendencies. And then we strolled across Republic Square, designed by Edvard Ravnikar and built between 1960 – 1983. The scene was very much set by a man with a deep voice stood at the foot of the Monument to the Revolution reading out a statement with his words booming out across the open concrete space. I have no idea what he was saying but it seemed quite profound (click on the video below).

Apartments at Brilejeva ulica, 1000 Ljubljana

These strikingly colourful blocks of flats at Brilejeva ulica, were also spotted on the coach journey to Lake Bled. They feature in architectural guides to Ljubljana but I can’t seem to find the name of the architect.
And below we have an assortment of buildings that we saw on our strolls around the beautiful and beguiling city of Ljubljana that had modernist features. I still haven’t recovered from standing beneath the canopy of Milan Mihelič’s Petrol station.

Ljubljana modernist architecture
Photo by John Rogers April 2024
Ljubljana modernist architecture
Photo by John Rogers April 2024
Ljubljana modernist architecture
Photo by John Rogers April 2024
Ljubljana modernist architecture
Photo by John Rogers April 2024
Ljubljana modernist architecture
Photo by John Rogers April 2024
Ljubljana modernist architecture
Photo by John Rogers April 2024
Ljubljana modernist architecture
Photo by John Rogers April 2024
Ljubljana modernist architecture, Slovenia
Photo by John Rogers April 2024
Ljubljana modernist architecture, Slovenia
Photo by John Rogers April 2024
Ljubljana modernist architecture, Slovenia
Photo by John Rogers April 2024
Ljubljana modernist architecture, Slovenia
Photo by John Rogers April 2024
Ljubljana modernist architecture, Slovenia
Photo by John Rogers April 2024
Ljubljana modernist architecture, Slovenia
Photo by John Rogers April 2024
Ljubljana modernist architecture, Slovenia
Photo by John Rogers April 2024
Ljubljana modernist architecture, Slovenia
Photo by John Rogers April 2024

Fitzrovia Chapel

Fitzrovia Chapel

An unexpected London treasure sits just off Mortimer Street inside the new Pearson Square development, the old Middlesex Hospital Chapel. Fitzrovia Chapel, built in 1891 by John Pearson, is the only surviving building of Middlesex Hospital which was established on the site in 1755. The Hospital was sold to developers in 2005 and demolished in 2008.

Fitzrovia Chapel

The English Heritage listing for the chapel states that the interior is of “polychrome marble and mosaic decoration” in an “Italian Gothic style”. The “Font is carved from solid block of deep green marble with symbols of Four Evangelists at each corner and inscribed with Greek palindrome copied from the font of Hagia Sophia.”

Fitzrovia Chapel

I wandered in one lunchtime and was blown away by its beauty. Now managed by a trust, Fitzrovia Chapel hosts events and concerts, corporate shindigs and product launches. I was told it’s particularly popular with the local fashion industry. At the time I visited there was an installation that was part of the Frieze Art Fair.

It’s definitely worth a visit when you’re in Central London and open Wednesdays 11am – 4pm.

 

Exploring Somers Town (and Drummond Street) around Euston and St. Pancras

Comments on my YouTube channel had pointed out that sections of the area around Euston Station were endangered by the coming of HS2 – so back at the end of October I decided to take a stroll with my camera. Euston Street looks to be worst hit with the magnificient Bree Louise, said to be one of London’s finest pubs, a victim. I feel a duty to log the buildings due to be cleared away, aware of how changes to the built environment erase memory.

Euston Street HS2 demolition

Euston Street

Round into Drummond Street, previously hit by renovations to Euston Station in the 1960’s – it once led to the Euston Arch – smashed up and tossed into River Lea/Prescott Channel. Drummond Street will again be chopped up. I stop for lunch at one of the Indian restaurants that give the street its fame, unwittingly choosing the establishment, Diwani, that claims to be the first South Indian restaurant in Britain – opening in 1970.

Diwani Indian buffet

Through Somers Town, with its Georgian Coffee House and on to The Brill behind the British Library where the great antiquarian William Stukeley interpretted a series of mounds and undulations in the fields beside the River Fleet as the remains of Caesar’s Camp. This has been revised more recently as the possible location of an abandoned medieval settlement.

Ossulston Estate

Just around the corner is the beautifully designed modernist Ossulston Estate, built between 1927-31 by the London County Council and inspired by Vienna’s Karl Marx-Hoff. The rain now is starting to harden and cameras don’t usually enjoy getting wet, so I quickly wrap up my filming before taking refuge in the British Library.

The New Kings Cross

I found myself in Kings Cross on Friday and finally made a video documenting some of the new development around the back of the station that has been emerging for a couple of years now. It’s a peculiar new zone of the city that many people seem unaware of, hidden away around the back of St. Pancras International and Kings Cross Stations and off the side of York Way.

Pancras Square Kings Cross

Pancras Square

To remind myself of what it used to look like I skimmed through the Mike Leigh film High Hopes where the main protagonists live in a council flat between the stations in the redevelopment area – their handsome block of flats and the Victorian terraces demolished. Checking an out-of-date A-Z shows that the location used in the film, Stanley Passage is perhaps somewhere beneath the new Google HQ and YouTube Space. Other streets that have disappeared under Pancras Square and Battle Bridge Place include Wellers Court, Clarence Passage, Battle Bridge Road, and Cheney Road.

Stanley Building Kings Cross

fragment of the old Kings Cross

It was hard to look at the tower blocks rising from those fields between Islington and Marylebone and not to think of the lines from Blake’s Jerusalem,

THE FIELDS from Islington to Marybone,

To Primrose Hill and Saint John’s Wood,

Were builded over with pillars of gold;

And there Jerusalem’s pillars stood.

Walking the Central Line Loop – Leytonstone to Woodford via Hainault (and back)

Central Line Loop Tube Map

I’d toyed around for a while with the idea of walking the Central Line Loop that cleaves off after Leytonstone and skirts the Roding Valley through Redbridge. Initially I’d spoken to some fellow travelers about some kind of Redbridge modernist architecture walk before we realized that many of the buildings were either the Central Line stations or close by.

So on a cloudy day during the Easter School Holidays when I was looking for an excursion the idea re-presented itself and off I went. From previously taking random journeys to stations on the loop I’d noticed the different character to the areas along the line once you left Wanstead and headed through Redbridge – from there through to Hainault had a post-war feel, more working class than the old West Essex ambiences of Snaresbrook, South Woodford, Buckhurst Hill, Epping. The Central Line Loop feels like a displaced satellite of the East End as opposed to say Loughton or Theydon Bois which clearly have Essex in their DNA. But that’s just my projection, although Hainault was mostly built but the GLC after the war and Barkingside became home to a large section of London’s East End Jewish population – so there is some substance to this ‘vibe’ emanating from the redbrick.

When undertaking a set expedition with a designated beginning and end I nearly always leave home too late to complete the walk in daylight. This gave the walks in This Other London an added jeopardy as there was often a location that I needed light to see properly and document. And so it was again – although it only takes 26 minutes to travel round the Loop by Tube I estimated it was roughly 11 miles and with detours and time for photos etc could take me around 4 hours to walk.

Although I pass them every day the Hitchcock mosaics took on added significance when putting them into the context of this yomp – they are one of Leytonstone’s very few recognizable attractions, its almost solitary tribute to its famous son Alfred Hitchcock, but other than that you’ll find little else. I’ve made the point before that when I’ve told Americans about my home suburb’s claim to fame and how little is made of it they are astonished – were ‘Hitch’ from just about anywhere in the States they tell me, you wouldn’t be able to walk more than 5 yards without ducking under animatronic Birds, every second window would sport Psycho silhouettes and there’d by jowl-faced masks and Hitchcock director’s chairs in just about every shop in the high street. The mosaics are beautiful though as is the mural on the building near the Jet garage that replaced the building on the High Road where he grew up.

Wanstead Tube Station
At Wanstead I stop to admire not only the design of the station but have a gander at the crudely painted murals that I’ve never taken much notice of before – Make Art Not War one says.

The footbridge over the Eastern Avenue has great views of some of the terrain ahead, offering a vista across the Roding Valley, that river fast becoming my favourite of London’s watercourses (the submerged Fille Brook still has the edge but it’s neck and neck with the Lea).

Walking beside the A12 Eastern Avenue is brutal – a heavy metal assault upon body and soul, a full-frontal confrontation with autogeddon.

Gants Hill tube ventilation shaft
Sandwiched between the pollution caked houses at the roadside between Redbridge and Gants Hill I spot a tall red brick monolith radiating mystery. It’s just sat there between bow-windowed semis trying not to attract attention as if it must hide some secret project. I remark as much in the video I record. Just now I received a comment on the video on YouTube with a link to an excellent article on Ian Visits who researched the history of the building and another on Cambridge Avenue in Wanstead. During the Second World War this section of the Central Line was used as a secret munitions factory and the monolith was a goods lift and now functions as a ventilation shaft. Despite shedding its top secret status in 1945 it can’t leave behind the air of wartime secrecy like a spy who never came in from the cold.

Gants Hill station
By the time I reached Gants Hill the steady rain had hardened into hail stones that bounced off the paving slabs. Charles Holden’s tiled subterranean tunnels leading into and around the station beneath the roundabout provided shelter before I had to plough on in the storm. There is a strong similarity between the parades of shops at Gants Hill and the other Central Line station buried beneath a roundabout at Hanger Lane – its cousin out towards the western end of the Central Line – designed by a former employee of Holden’s studio.

I was wet and miserable by the time I took in the Ilford War Memorial Gardens and took shelter in another of the Loop’s architectural masterpieces – Newbury Park Bus Station which was honoured with a medal at the Festival of Britain in 1951. I pushed on regardless.

Aldborough Hatch
The bend of Oaks Lane was matched by a glorious rainbow rising behind Aldborough Hatch Farm, sunlight broke through the clouds. The A12 felt like a bad dream as I walked the country lane past barns and farm machinery – the walking gods rewarded my persistence through the rain and hail.

At Barkingside the Central Line hugs one side of Fairlop Waters Golf Course so I took the opportunity to stick with the green space. Bluebells nodding in the shade of the trees lining the fairway hiding stray golf balls.

Grange Hill
The sun was starting to set as I came out on Forest Road near Fairlop Station – it would be dark by the time I reached Chigwell if not before.

I turned off the road past Ilford Wanderers Rugby Club coming out near Hainault Station. It was then into a grid of peddle-dashed streets where it is always Sunday. I rested in a bus shelter opposite open fields in the last of the light near Grange Hill Station.

The footpath running along Chigwell Cemetery looked like a good prospect on the map – a twilit holloway, but after 20 yards I was ankle deep in mud. The path skirted a farm field with a solitary tree on the brow of the hill, the purple sky invoking memories of the ends of childhood walks with my Dad.

Chigwell Tube Station
I crossed the Central Line over a caged metal footbridge and into the Essex Golden Triangle bound for Chigwell and the last of the loop. That colourful moniker was foisted on the zone between Chigwell, Loughton and Buckhurst Hill in the 1980’s when the dominant cultural association was the popular sitcom Birds of Feather before TOWIE dragged the epicenter of Essex bling further East to Brentwood. The area worked its weirdness frying my navigational sense as I managed to turn back on myself and halfway to Hainault in the pitch black. It was a fortunate accident as I was presented with a spectacular view from a park on the edge of an estate looking Westwards across north London – the twinkling lights of the Lea Valley and beyond like the Los Angeles basin viewed from the Hollywood Hills.

The Chigwell mansions were inscrutable in the darkness save for the odd illuminated sweeping staircase. The station platform glowed sodium yellow from the bridge. It was apparent the walk was up. The route to Roding Valley wasn’t clear on the OS map – a truncated lane that could lead to an unmarked footpath but could equally become a dead end. The alternative was a huge detour by road that seemed to defeat the object of following the train line. One stop short (or two depending on whether you consider Woodford part of the Loop) seemed cruel, but sitting on the platform waiting 15 minutes for the next tube I thought of Bill Bryson quitting his 2000 mile Appalachian Trail thru-hike at the beginning of the last short leg in the 100-mile Wilderness. That blank portion of the OS map between Chigwell and Roding Valley was my 100-mile Wilderness.

IMG_8526
The next morning I realized I had to go back and complete the walk – it should only take an hour I figured. Instead of returning to Chigwell by tube I walked from Hainault where the train terminated. The transition from Hainault’s postwar ‘Homes for Heroes’ to Chigwell’s ‘City Boy Bling Villas’ was more noticeable in daylight. Pensioners having a chat with the council workers mowing the grass verge gave way to locked gates and warnings that private security were on patrol. The same company seemed to be protecting all the houses in Chigwell and I noticed one of their vans slide past me as I took a photo of their sign embedded in a hedge.

Luxborough Lane crossed the brutal M11 – the road that broke the heart of Leytonstone. To walk out of London is to cross a series of arterial roads and motorways – the North Circular, the M11, the M25. London is encased in this halo of pollution that we live within. To finally break through this asphalt collar into open country is a liberating experience.
The lane was a classic edgeland landscape – water treatment works, waste disposal, some run-down old cottages forgotten by time and then the river Roding with the Central Line passing overhead on a majestic brick viaduct. This pattern is repeated all around the outskirts of London – motorway/A-Road, scrubland, public utilities, water, train tracks.

River Roding
This point on the Roding has been the end and beginning of two previous walks along the river – my Huckleberry Finn riverbank. From here it’s across the Rugby pitch and up to Roding Valley Station – the station so slight and discrete it almost isn’t there. The last of the stations solely on the Central Line Loop – but not the end of the walk.

It’s a short distance to Woodford along a straight suburban street that would be nondescript if it weren’t for the fine views it afforded across the Roding Valley at every cross street and break between the houses.

It’s a sultry afternoon and I seemed to have been walking in the rain for the last couple of weeks so I decide to walk on home to Leytonstone turning the loop into a straight-sided ‘O’.

Although the character changes on this branch of the line it’s still marked with some modernist architectural gems – the Odeon Cinema at South Woodford and Hermitage Court near Snaresbrook. The tiling on the underpass beneath the North Circular Road not only matches that at Gants Hill but also out West at the Hanger Lane gyratory, some design features that knit the city together.

The old coaching inn – The Eagle is already filling up and a trickle of commuters are starting to dribble out of Snaresbrook Station. I pay homage to the High Stone marking the return to ‘Leyton-atte-Stone’ and slide back down through the passages beneath the Green Man Roundabout to a table at the Wetherspoons and a pint of pale ale from Leyton.

Milton Keynes – City of the Future

I didn’t even bother to check my iCal when Andy from Video Strolls asked if I wanted to come to screen in their event at Milton Keynes Gallery – I just said YES! I’ve shown films in two Video Strolls events in Birmingham and had a great time, but here was the added appeal of an excuse for a wander round Milton Keynes at night.

I’d bought a GoPro on the Monday of the week of the screening for the Nightwalk I filmed with Iain Sinclair and Andrew Kotting for the Overground film. I’d be leaving Iain and Andrew at Hampstead and the plan was that Andrew would wear the GoPro on his head to capture some of the remaining epic nocturnal schlepp (he did and it’s great).

milton keynes go pro

Arriving at Milton Keynes station 10 minutes before the event was due to start I strapped the GoPro on my head and set off across the Milton Keynes grid bound for the gallery on the FAR SIDE. And wow.

I visited Milton Keynes as a kid on a coach trip from High Wycombe with my Mum. Nominally in the same county as Wycombe but further away than London, Milton Keynes was the new town on the map – the concrete citadel of the future rising from the lower end of the Midland Plain. We felt like primitive people from the Amazonian jungle propelled into a Flash Gordon future on a Green Line Bus. I’d never been back since.

Milton Keynes

Although my hazy memory of MK matched what I was seeing 30+ years on – Milton Keynes still seemed futuristic. I think it’s the absence of any other older reference points – a blank architectural slate and the clinical nature of the urban planning. The imposition of paganistic street naming and alignments – Midsummer Avenue is apparently aligned with the Summer Solstice sunrise – has an ‘Age of Aquarius’ tinge. I kept seeing Blake’s Seven super-imposed over the shopping halls – partly because that’s what I was obsessed with at the time I visited Milton Keynes in the 1980’s (Glynis Barber did so much to get me through those difficult early teenage years).

So I swept in late to the Video Strolls event with the red light on my GoPro flashing and introduced my River Roding film with the camera still rolling (don’t worry, the video above is intercut with my point-and-shoot camera). After the screening I walked back through Milton Keynes with Andy Howlett, one half of Video Strolls, and we attempted to process our reactions to this uncanny landscape and ponder on the future of films made purely from strapping a GoPro on your head when out for a wander as a perambulatory equivalent of the early cinematic ‘Phantom Rides‘.

I’ll need to get the camera set on my head straight for a start.

Aimlessly wandering the Bloomsbury grid with Gandhi and Lenin

I wanted to go OUT and shoot SOMETHING happening. I followed my instincts – the Central Line to Holborn then sucked north into the grid vortex of the Bloomsbury Squares. I’m sure there’s some sort of occult geometry underlying the lay-out of the garden squares of Bloomsbury (distinct from those arranged on the slopes of Pentonville and following the curve of the high ground across Barnsbury).

Tea Hut

The ‘Cab Man’s Tea Huts’ fascinate me – but you know what, I’ve never actually been in one, how is that possible? The one at Russell Square was presented by Sir Squire Bancroft in 1901. Bancroft was a significant figure in Victorian theatre, instigating a new form of realist theatre “drawing-room comedy” or “cup and saucer drama”. He produced a play by the bizarre figure of Edward Bulwer-Lytton who I wrote about in This Other London – the man who had has wife locked up in an asylum for disagreeing with him, coined a number of cliches still used today and most bizarre of all, wrote a novel that was later the source of Nazi cult that believed in a subterranean secret source of energy and insisted the Luftwaffe develop a Flying Saucer in the last months of the war.

Those tea huts are strange places and who knows what other odd powers have been unleashed by the Bloomsbury grid – just look at the art deco detail on the gate posts of SOAS in the video and the brutalist brilliance of the Institute of Education.