Visit to Ljubljana, Slovenia

A 3-day trip to the capital city of Slovenia in the former Yugoslavia with my wife at Easter. Featuring some of the major architectural sites of Ljubljana and a trip to Lake Bled in the Julian Alps.

We arrived in Ljubljana to a downpour that lasted into the evening, Easter Monday. We wandered the rainy streets taking in Jože Plečnik’s Central Market and the Dragon Bridge, then ate Ossobuco with crispy greens and risotto for a late lunch. The youngsters in the restaurant spoke with the intonation of Italian but containing Slovenian words. I’ve been fascinated with this cultural soup ever since my wife started to explain her father’s complex personal history – born in interwar Italy in a region that became Yugoslavia after the Second World War rendering his family stateless. His parents though, had been born in the same town when it was part of the Austro-Hungarian empire, his father an ethnic Italian, mother Slovene-Hungarian. That town is now in Slovenia. We recently discovered Heidi’s great uncle Zorco’s Wikipedia page where his Profession is listed as ‘Warlord’. After the war he served as the Italian military attaché in Czechoslovakia and died on a level crossing in the Czech Republic some years later. We once visited the castle in Merano, Italy near Bolzano where he served in the Italian military – a place where the primary language is German.
The old buildings in Ljubljana reeked of the postcard idea of Mittle Europe I’d been carrying in my head. A city long held by the Habsburg Dynasty it’s threaded through with European history, and now ranks amongst the continent’s most successful cities (depending on which metrics you apply).

Lake Bled Cafe, Slovenia

On our second day we took the bus to Lake Bled in the Julian Alps. We arrived to an intense hail storm and took refuge in a cafe where I became fixated by a painting of a rural scene showing an old house with a round-towered church on a hill. It’s exactly the kind of feature that W.G Sebald would have injected meaning into – I guess here I’m thinking of his brilliant book Vertigo which I associate with the border regions of this area.
(I later discovered that the painting appears to be by German artist Christian Friedrich Mali, Ländliche Idylle , 1860)

The rain cleared and we walked the path that lapped around the shimmering alpine body of water. Sunbeams broke through the storm clouds to illuminate the church on an island in the lake. We ate a traditional apple cake with cream.

Lake Bled, Slovenia

Back in Ljubljana early evening we went hunting a socialist modernist (soc mod) masterpiece spotted from the bus. I got a rush of adrenalin when we found Milan Mihelič’s Petrol station on the edge of the city centre. The concrete bloom caught the sunset. Aside from the time spent with Heidi it was the highlight of the trip.

Petrol Station Ljubljana

On our final day we took a boat trip on the Ljubljanica River, and wandered the streets spotting more Soc Mod masterpieces and other fine buildings. It was the first of what I feel will be more journeys exploring this part of Mittle Europe.

Read: Socialist Modernism in Ljubljana

Socialist Modernism in Ljubljana (and other modernisms)

'Petrol' station, Architect Milan Mihelič 1967–1968 
Tivolska cesta 46, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Socialist Modernism
Photo by John Rogers April 2024
‘Petrol’ station, Architect Milan Mihelič 1967–1968 Tivolska cesta 46, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia

I was hoping to find some examples of Socialist Modernism on my recent trip to Ljubljana, capital of Slovenia, and spotted this glorious concrete structure, initially from the bus to Lake Bled. Upon return to Ljubljana we doubled back to pay homage to this example of peak ‘Soc Mod’. ‘Petrol’ by noted architect Milan Mihelič was built between 1967–1968 and is located on a main road, Tivolska cesta, that skirts the north of Ljubljana city centre. It was the first of a sequence of modernist petrol stations around the city.

'Petrol' station, Architect Milan Mihelič 1967–1968 
Tivolska cesta 46, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Photo by John Rogers April 2024

The central pillar blossoms out into this giant radial petal with eyes looking down on the forecourt. From underneath it’s quite overwhelming. Viewed from the corner its form seems less organic and more like an alien space craft stranded on the roadside waiting to return to its home planet. It’s one of the most majestic structures I’ve ever seen.


'Petrol' station, Architect Milan Mihelič 1967–1968 
Tivolska cesta 46, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Socialist Modernism
Photo by John Rogers April 2024

'Petrol' station, Architect Milan Mihelič 1967–1968 
Tivolska cesta 46, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Socialist Modernism
Photo by John Rogers April 2024

'Petrol' station, Architect Milan Mihelič 1967–1968 
Tivolska cesta 46, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Socialist Modernism
Photo by John Rogers April 2024

'Petrol' station, Architect Milan Mihelič 1967–1968 
Tivolska cesta 46, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Socialist Modernism
Photo by John Rogers April 2024

'Petrol' station, Architect Milan Mihelič 1967–1968 
Tivolska cesta 46, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Socialist Modernism
Photo by John Rogers April 2024

'Petrol' station, Architect Milan Mihelič 1967–1968 
Tivolska cesta 46, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Socialist Modernism
Photo by John Rogers April 2024

'Petrol' station, Architect Milan Mihelič 1967–1968 
Tivolska cesta 46, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Socialist Modernism
Photo by John Rogers April 2024

The architect Milan Mihelič (1925 – 2021) was a notable architect of post-war Slovenia, when it was part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. He was president of the Union of Architects of Slovenia in 1963 and 1967, and designed a number of important buildings across the country.

S2 Office Tower, Bavarski dvor Ljubljana 
Architect Milan Mihelič
Photo by John Rogers April 2024
S2 Office Tower, Bavarski dvor Ljubljana

On the way to find the magical Petrol station we passed this striking tower block and residential complex nearby. It turns out to also have been designed by Milan Mihelič. The S2 Office Tower, Ljubljana was designed in 1963 and from what I can find online construction spanned from 1968 – 1980. I’m not sure if Mihelič also designed the blocks of what appear to be apartments behind the tower.

Ferant Garden (1964-1975)
Architect Edvard Ravnikar
Slovenska cesta 9, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Photo by John Rogers April 2024
Ferant Garden (1964-1975), Architect: Edvard Ravnikar – Slovenska cesta 9, 1000 Ljubljana

The next notable example of socialist modernism in Ljubljana we again stumbled upon quite by accident after taking a boat tour along the Ljubljanica River. A ‘business and residential complex’ Ferant Garden was designed by Slovenia’s most prominent post-war modernist architect Edvard Ravnikar, who had taught Milan Mihelič in his studio in the late 1940’s/ early 1950’s. Ravnikar in turn had been a student of the great Slovene architect Jože Plečnik who is credited with introducing modern architecture to Slovenia in the pre-war period, designing some of its most famous buildings such as the Triple Bridge and the Central Market. Ferant Garden has been seen by some as both a bold statement of (socialist) modernism and a critique of the failures of modern urban planning. Intriguingly it’s built on the site of Jože Plečnik’s place of birth.

Ferant Garden (1964-1975)
Architect Edvard Ravnikar
Slovenska cesta 9, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Photo by John Rogers April 2024
Ferant Garden (1964-1975), Architect Edvard Ravnikar
Ferant Garden (1964-1975)
Architect Edvard Ravnikar
Slovenska cesta 9, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Photo by John Rogers April 2024
Ferant Garden (1964-1975), Architect Edvard Ravnikar
Ljubljana Central Market, Architect Jože Plečnik 1931 - 1939
Photo by John Rogers April 2024
Ljubljana Central Market, Architect Jože Plečnik 1931 – 1939
Republic Square, architect  Edvard Ravnikar 1960 - 1983
Photo by John Rogers April 2024
Republic Square, architect Edvard Ravnikar 1960 – 1983

We allowed ourselves to drift, spotting a number of interesting apartment buildings that to my eye had modernist tendencies. And then we strolled across Republic Square, designed by Edvard Ravnikar and built between 1960 – 1983. The scene was very much set by a man with a deep voice stood at the foot of the Monument to the Revolution reading out a statement with his words booming out across the open concrete space. I have no idea what he was saying but it seemed quite profound (click on the video below).

Apartments at Brilejeva ulica, 1000 Ljubljana

These strikingly colourful blocks of flats at Brilejeva ulica, were also spotted on the coach journey to Lake Bled. They feature in architectural guides to Ljubljana but I can’t seem to find the name of the architect.
And below we have an assortment of buildings that we saw on our strolls around the beautiful and beguiling city of Ljubljana that had modernist features. I still haven’t recovered from standing beneath the canopy of Milan Mihelič’s Petrol station.

Ljubljana modernist architecture
Photo by John Rogers April 2024
Ljubljana modernist architecture
Photo by John Rogers April 2024
Ljubljana modernist architecture
Photo by John Rogers April 2024
Ljubljana modernist architecture
Photo by John Rogers April 2024
Ljubljana modernist architecture
Photo by John Rogers April 2024
Ljubljana modernist architecture
Photo by John Rogers April 2024
Ljubljana modernist architecture
Photo by John Rogers April 2024
Ljubljana modernist architecture, Slovenia
Photo by John Rogers April 2024
Ljubljana modernist architecture, Slovenia
Photo by John Rogers April 2024
Ljubljana modernist architecture, Slovenia
Photo by John Rogers April 2024
Ljubljana modernist architecture, Slovenia
Photo by John Rogers April 2024
Ljubljana modernist architecture, Slovenia
Photo by John Rogers April 2024
Ljubljana modernist architecture, Slovenia
Photo by John Rogers April 2024
Ljubljana modernist architecture, Slovenia
Photo by John Rogers April 2024
Ljubljana modernist architecture, Slovenia
Photo by John Rogers April 2024